Difference between revisions of "Nuclear Disaster in Japan"

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Sailors have been supplied with iodine tablets by the city of Hamburg (D), the authorities announced on March 20<ref name="spiegel_water" />. <span style="color:green">In both harbour cities, Hamburg and Bremen (D), the authorities get prepared for emergency situations checking arriving ships from Japan for increased radiation readings<ref name="welt_shimizu" />.</span>
 
Sailors have been supplied with iodine tablets by the city of Hamburg (D), the authorities announced on March 20<ref name="spiegel_water" />. <span style="color:green">In both harbour cities, Hamburg and Bremen (D), the authorities get prepared for emergency situations checking arriving ships from Japan for increased radiation readings<ref name="welt_shimizu" />.</span>
  
Despite to former publications of the German Ministry of Environment the so-called "iodine blocker" ''potassium iodide'' tablets (German brand name "Kalium-Jodid") are not available for customers in Germany right now<ref>http://jodblockade.de/ as at March 24, 2011</ref>. An inquiry to a public pharmacy resulted in the information that this product meant to be used in an emergency situation hasn't been available in Germany since a long time<ref>Call to the "Brückenapotheke Roßwein" on March 24, 2011</ref>. An internet search confirmed the impossibility of getting the iodine blocker in Germany as all search results say that the product "is not available at the moment". It seems to be difficult to order it at online pharmacies internationally, too<ref>Search request e.g. http://www.google.de/search?q=Kaliumjodid+Lannacher+kaufen&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:de:official&client=firefox-a#q=Kaliumiodid+Lannacher+kaufen&hl=de&client=firefox-a&hs=C98&rls=org.mozilla:de:official&prmd=ivns&ei=lXSLTae3AoTssgbgguicCg&start=10&sa=N&fp=2233dc865a328f9f as at March 24, 2011</ref>. An exception seems to be [http://goldpharma.com/search/kaliumiodid%20lannacher%2065mg/ Goldpharma] who is still offering the product. This means that independent precaution against radioactive iodine incorporation is impossible in Germany, and people would be totally depending on the authorities' decisions if and when they would assess an accident to be serious and to start to distribute the supplied iodine tablets. The only possibility for people to get the iodine blocker right now is to let a local pharmacy order it from the Austrian producer directly<ref>http://www.lannacher.at/zusatzinfo/1300353565.pdf as at March 24, 2011</ref>. <span style="color:green">In the United States the iodine blockers had been sold since the very beginning of the catastrophe<ref>Email conversation with a person affected in Hawaii as at March 15, 2011</ref>, while in Russia the price of potassium iodide has raised during five days from $9 to $35<ref name="bellona_russiafareast" />. The “Chicago” pharmacy chain told that it had sold out of all iodine containing medications<ref name="bellona_russiafareast" />. On eBay. tablets of iodine are currently auctioned off for $15 per tablet, with entire packages of the medication going for $2500<ref name="bellona_russiafareast" />.</span>
+
Despite to former publications of the German Ministry of Environment the so-called "iodine blocker" ''potassium iodide'' tablets (German brand name "Kalium-Jodid") are not available for customers in Germany right now<ref>http://jodblockade.de/ as at March 24, 2011</ref>. An inquiry to a public pharmacy resulted in the information that this product meant to be used in an emergency situation hasn't been available in Germany since a long time<ref>Call to the "Brückenapotheke Roßwein" on March 24, 2011</ref>. An internet search confirmed the impossibility of getting the iodine blocker in Germany as all search results say that the product "is not available at the moment". It seems to be difficult to order it at online pharmacies internationally, too<ref>Search request e.g. http://www.google.de/search?q=Kaliumjodid+Lannacher+kaufen&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:de:official&client=firefox-a#q=Kaliumiodid+Lannacher+kaufen&hl=de&client=firefox-a&hs=C98&rls=org.mozilla:de:official&prmd=ivns&ei=lXSLTae3AoTssgbgguicCg&start=10&sa=N&fp=2233dc865a328f9f as at March 24, 2011</ref>. An exception seems to be [http://goldpharma.com/search/kaliumiodid%20lannacher%2065mg/ Goldpharma] who is still offering the product. This means that independent precaution against radioactive iodine incorporation is impossible in Germany, and people would be totally depending on the authorities' decisions if and when they would assess an accident to be serious and to start to distribute the supplied iodine tablets. The only possibility for people to get the iodine blocker right now is to let a local pharmacy order it from the Austrian producer directly<ref>http://www.lannacher.at/zusatzinfo/1300353565.pdf as at March 24, 2011</ref>. <span style="color:green">In the United States the iodine blockers had been sold since the very beginning of the catastrophe<ref>Email conversation with a person affected in Hawaii as at March 15, 2011</ref>, while in Russia the price of potassium iodide has raised during five days from $9 to $35<ref name="bellona_russiafareast" />. The “Chicago” pharmacy chain told that it had sold out of all iodine containing medications<ref name="bellona_russiafareast" />. On eBay. tablets of iodine are currently auctioned off for $15 per tablet, with entire packages of the medication going for $2500<ref name="bellona_russiafareast" />. '''Currently the German radiation protection authority strongly recommends to everyone outside Japan not to take potassium iodide tablets, because the side effects prevail the positive effect of this medicine on too low levels of radioactive iodine as currently appearing<ref name="bfs_jodstellungnahme">http://www.bfs.de/de/kerntechnik/papiere/japan/jodblockade.html as at April 5, 2011</ref>. People in Japan are recommended to follow the instructions of the Japanese authorities or the German embassy<ref name="bfs_jodstellungnahme" />.'''</span>
  
 
=== Rescue activities ===
 
=== Rescue activities ===

Revision as of 21:34, 5 April 2011


Nuclear Disaster in Japan

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Detection of iodine-131 and xenon-133 from Fukushima up to March 29


































As a result of a tsunami and several earthquakes the Fukushima I Daiichi[1] atomic power plant in Japan experienced a nuclear catastrophe of a level higher than the 1979 Harrisburg accident, maybe turning out to become even worse than the 1986 Chernobyl catastrophe[2][3][4] including several explosions, fires, failing cooling systems,[5] meltdown of fuel elements and uncontrolled releases of high amounts of radioactivity[4] since March 11, 2011. Unit 1 exploded on March 12, 2011 at 7.30 AM GMT[6], unit 3 exploded two days later on March 14 at 2.01 AM GMT[7][8][9] and eventually also unit 2 blasted in the following night (14/3/11 9.10 PM GMT) damaging the reactor core and as officially confirmed releasing serious amounts of radiation[10][11]. Another 6.5 earthquake occured on March 28 160 kilometers from Fukushima I Daiichi[12]. A nuclear meltdown occured in unit 2, the Japanese government ended up to admit on March 28[13]. TEPCO informed not to be able to guarantee preventing another meltdown[12]. The IAEA informed on March 31 about a possibility of a "recriticality" at the Fukushima plant, which means a nuclear chain reaction would resume leading to more radiation releases, although the reactors were automatically shut down at the time of the quake[5].

CONTAINMENT | MOX | STATUS | ADDITIONAL ACCIDENTS | HEALTH | RESCUE ACTIVITIES | CAUSES | REACTIONS | LINKS

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA) classified the catastrophe to INES level 5, weil several other nations' radiation protection authorities classified it to level 6[14]. March 25 Greenpeace demanded the IAEA to classify Fukushima as an INES level 7 accident like Chernobyl 1986 based on a study[15] they published this day[16]. News on March 31 reported Japan is now considering to increase the accident level to INES 6[4].

An atomic power emergency has been declared by the Japanese government on Saturday March 12 while up to 300,000 residents (other sources talk about "over 200,000"[17]) had been evacuated in a zone of 20 kilometers around Fukushima I Daiichi and Fukushima II Daini[1][10]. Several emergency power generators failed supplying the emergency cooling systems with electricity[14]. The authorities confirmed the release of radioactive elements such as cesium and iodine[18]. Also a fire occured on March 15 at 0.40 AM GMT at unit 4[11] - a reactor unit that had not even been in operation when the Tsunami hit the Japanese coast on March 11.

Independent experts say that a nuclear meltdown must have happened[19] [20][21]. "The cores of the three reactors are believed to have partially melted", the Japanese news agency Kyodo reported on March 14[11][22]. According to the German news "Tagesschau" Japanese officials also confirmed a nuclear meltdown in Fukushima[19]. This had been confirmed by a statement of Chief Secretary Yukio Edano on Sunday saying that at least one nuclear meltdown occured [14], eventually confirmed by the Japanese government on March 28: a nuclear meltdown of fuel elements happened at unit 2 already shortly after the earthquake and tsunami of March 11[23]. Japanese officials called it a "partial meltdown"[24]. This seems not to be correct due to the limited volume and high temperatures in the core[25] as explained in section Causes of the disaster. The operator had indicated already March 15 that a meltdown could have happened as the fuel rods had been damaged[11]. GE's head of safety research for this type of reactor told The Guardian newspaper he would believe the reactor core of unit 2 to already have melted through the bottom of the pressure vessel and at least some of it would have reached the concrete floor beneath[5].

Earlier Edano had stated also a nuclear meltdown in reactor 3 of Fukushima 1 to be "possible"[14]. This was again topic of concern on March 26, while scientist Sebastian Pflugbeil suspects the meltdown to happen already for several days due to the high releases of radiation[26]. Meanwhile (31/3/11) we have to talk about "three raging meltdowns in progress"[4].

First, an area of 3 kilometers had been evacuated on Friday, March 11. Later it was enlarged to a 10 km evacuation zone and then to a 20 km evacuation zone while residents of the 20-30 km zone were advized not to leave their houses. On the very first day a BBC reporter spoke about a prohibition zone of 60 kilometers.[27] On March 24, 23 members of Japan’s Parliament have signed a statement urging a larger evacuation zone [28]. March 25, Japan's government urged the residents of the 20-30 km zone to leave the area, too[29][30]. More than 10,000 people are still in the area, NHK reported[31] According to Bellona, the evacuation zone has been enlarged to 40 kilometers since March 31[32].

TEPCO informed to scrap the four exploded reactors, while chief Secretary Edano recommended to scrap all six units of Fukushima I Daiichi[33]. The newspaper Mainichi reported the government's plan to give TEPCO an injection of money acquiring up to 50 % shares of the company[34]. Fukushima's operator's stock exchange index had been fallen by 80 % since the beginning of the atomic disaster[34]. It is possible that TEPCO could be asked for several billions of Euro compensation due to the catastrophe, Spiegel reported[34].

Damages of the containment

On Saturday March 12 the Japanese authorities claimed the reactor pressure vessel of unit 1 of Fukushima 1 wouldn't have been damaged. But this is in conflict with the officially confirmed releases of cesium. Friday evening the authorities already had claimed there wouldn't have been any danger of radioactivity releases. First independent meassurements of radiation showed a serious of radioactivity even in a certain distance to the crashed reactor units[35].

Japan's defense ministry said that US-American officials had expressed grave concern that the saltwater could cause equipment to seize up and corrode, making resolution of the situation even more difficult[29].

A suspected breach in the core at one reactor at a stricken Fukushima nuclear plant could mean more serious radioactive contamination, Japanese officials revealed Friday - a situation the prime minister called "very grave and serious", Assiocated Press reported on March 25[36].

According to the German news magazine Spiegel altogether more than 2,500 tons of uranium and plutonium are situated at Fukushima[37]. Bellona informed about 1,760 tons stored in Fukushima stressing the fact that this potential threat is even higher than the Chernobyl catastrophe, where 180 tons were kept[32].

Collapsed MOX reactor increasening threats at Fukushima I

Around 9 PM GMT Saturday March 12 evening Reuters informed about Fukushima 1 unit 3 that "the emergency cooling system is no longer functioning (...) as an official of the Japan Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency told a news conference"[38]. "This is of particular concern since, unlike all of the other reactors in trouble, Unit 3 has been using plutonium-based MOX (mixed oxide) fuel[4] since September 10, 2010. Plutonium is the most toxic chemical known to science[4]. MOX fuel elements contain 7-8% of it[39]. Consequences of an accident at a MOX-powered reactor would be even more severe than at a more typical uranium-powered reactor[40]", says the Nuclear Information and Resource Service[28] On March 13 the chief Cabinet secretary of Japan's government informed that an explosion at unit 3 of Fukushima 1 is possible to occur, but that they wouldn't expect a meltdown to happen[41][42] (however they want to be sure about that after the last days' experiences...). Several attempts to cool the reactor core failed until the late evening of Sunday[14], it eventually exploded Monday morning at 2.01 AM GMT[43][44]. NIRS believes there are now multiple meltdowns in progress along with significant releases from irradiated fuel pools[28].

As the officially admitted radiation rate of 20 rems/hour (10,000 times above normal) affecting three workers at unit 3 on March 23 would not be high enough to cause the burns that were reported on them, there is suspicion that the rates were even higher. Radioactive elements were found in the water that are not normally found in reactor cooling water. This has led to new open speculation among government and utility officials that the core of unit 3 has been breached[4] and primary containment has failed (most observers have suggested this for several days, NIRS said)[28]. The possibility of an even more severe environmental contamination was announced by Japanese officials on March 25 due to a suspected fracture of the unit 3 reactor core, a NISA spokesman was quoted by AP[45]. Since March 11 the operator is struggling to cool the unit containing 170 tons of MOX fuel[45]. The damage could have been caused by the hydrogen explosion of March 14 blowing up the outer containment[45]. High-level radiation is suspected to be leaking from the number three reactor core[46].

As reported on March 28, plutonium isotopes 238, 239 and 240 have been found[47][37] by TEPCO in the soil at five locations at Fukushima I Daiichi[32]. One sample of plutonium-238, according to TEPCO, was measured at 0.54 Bq/kg of soil, and the mix of plutonium-239 and -240 in two other samples measured 1.2 Bq/kg[32]. It must come from the fuel rods, the NPP operator suspects and chief Secreatry of the Japanese cabinet Edano agrees adding this would confirm a fuel meltdown has occured[32]. In case it reachs the human body it can cause serious health damages - already small quantities can lead to high radiation affects as plutonium can be accumulated in bones and liver causing cancer[37].[48] The breach of the containment of the reactor must be serious, as plutonium is a heavy element not being able to easily escape, a NISA speaker explained[37]. Already March 21 and 22 TEPCO had detected plutonium, but told these findings not before March 28[37]. According to former boss of the German atomic energy authority, Wolfgang Renneberg, the plutonium contained in unit 3 of Fukushima could become a deadly threat if it would be blown out of the reactor for instance by an explosion[37]. In this case it would be spread widely and possibly be breathed in by humans[37]. It could also end up in the food chain and eventually also in the human body, if plutonium would be washed into the ocean, Renneberg said[37].


Status of the affected facilities

  • Fukushima 1 unit 1: leaks in the containment have been officially admitted by the authorities (29/3/11)[2]
    • INES level 5; fuel rods partly exposed; reactor core seems to be damaged; radiation in water in the turbine building 10,000 times the normal level containing cesium-137 (27/3/11)[49]
    • leaks of the vessel's shielding reactor cores suspected by IAEA officials (26/3/11)[50]
    • high radiation releases have been reported; highly radioactive water has been detected at the turbine buildings; a "cold shutdown" of the plant is expected to take at least one more month (25/3/11)[16][46]
    • Steam was seen coming from Units 1 through 4 today, in some cases large amounts - the steam is carrying radiation into the air (24/3/11)[28]
    • high temperatures reported, dashing hopes that reestablishing power to the entire plant on Tuesday would quickly help stabilize it (23/3/11)[51]
    • irregular but extremely high heat levels appear according to CNN infrared pictures - this could be of major concern (21/3/11)[28]
    • The water level is such low that measurement instruments couldn't be recorded clearly anymore as the Japanese nuclear authority NISA found out (18/3/11)[52]
    • The outer building is damaged and it is presumed that there was a partial meltdown. At least small amounts of radioactivity have been vented (16/3/11)[53]
  • Fukushima 1 unit 2: TEPCO informed water in the trench to contain radioactivity above 1 Sv/h (31/3/11)[54]
    • leaks in the containment have been officially admitted by the authorities (29/3/11)[2]
    • radiation levels 100,000 times normal detected, said TEPCO, while the Japanese government confirmed a meltdown occured already shortly after the March 11 earthquakes (28/3/11)[12]
    • radiation detected by TEPCO in the reactor exceeded 1 Sv/h - a possibly lethal dose; the reactor was evacuated temporarely (27/3/11)[49]
    • INES level 5; fuel rods partly exposed; reactor core seems to be damaged; containment seems to be damaged; radiation in water in the turbine building 10 million times the normal level containing iodine-134 (27/3/11)[49]
    • leaks of the vessel's shielding reactor cores suspected by IAEA officials (26/3/11)[50]
    • highly radioactive water has been detected at the turbine buildings; a "cold shutdown" of the plant is expected to take at least one more month (25/3/11)[46]
    • high radiation reported, dashing hopes that reestablishing power to the entire plant on Tuesday would quickly help stabilize it (23/3/11)[51]
    • analysis of infrared pictures published by CNN indicates there may be no water at all (21/3/11)[28]
    • rescue teams are pumping sea water into the fuel ponds; the reactor is connected to the emergency electricity grid again; the containment is damaged; radiation has leaked (20/3/11)[55]
    • 1.4 m of the fuel rods are exposed (17/3/11 11 PM GMT)[52]
    • primary containment is believed to be significantly breached (16/3/11 2 PM GMT)[28]
    • there has been an explosion; there is speculation that this explosion has damaged the primary containment(14/3/11)[28]
    • fears of a partial meltdown as the fuel elements were several times totally exposed and thus cooling failed (14/3/11)[10]
    • no cooling capability anymore (12/3/11)[28]
  • Fukushima 1 unit 3: leaks in the containment have been officially admitted by the authorities (29/3/11)[2]
    • INES level 5; fuel rods partly exposed; pressure vessel as well as the cooling pond seems to be damaged (27/3/11)[49]
    • data indicated a leak at the reactor, IAEA officials said (26/3/11)[50]
    • Japanese officials have expressed alarm over a possible fracture of the reactor core; high-level radiation is suspected to be leaking (25/3/11)[45][46]
    • NISA suspects the core to be damaged[30] and radioactive water to leak through the containment vessel as water in the turbine room was "about 10,000 times the level[30] of radiation found in the coolant inside a reactor"[29]; a nuclear meltdown is said to be likely[16] (25/3/11)
    • dark smoke forced officials to evacuate the facility (23/3/11)[51][56]
    • substantial amounts of smoke, workers were temporarily evacuated (21/3/11)[28]
    • irregular but extremely high heat levels appear according to CNN infrared pictures - this could be of major concern (21/3/11)[28]
    • rescue teams spraying water onto unit 3 again, after 13 hours of water cannon action could not prevent the increase of pressure by Sunday (20/3/11)[55]
    • the condition of the fuel pools appears to remain more serious (19/3/11 2.30 PM GMT)[28]
    • 2.3 m of the fuel rods are exposed (17/3/11 11 PM GMT)[52]
    • the fuel pool might also be losing water and could soon be in the same condition as at unit 4 (16/3/2011)[57]
    • serious hydrogen explosion damaging the building (14/3/11)[49]
    • cooling systems failed (13/3/11)[49]
  • Fukushima 1 unit 4: INES level 3; cooling pond possibly damaged and indication for overheating (27/3/11)[49]
    • smoke or steam visible (21/3/11)[28]
    • after unsuccessful attempts to cool the reactor with ten water cannons of the Japanese military and a vehicle of the US military, rescue teams started again spraying water onto the damaged reactor (20/3/11)[55]
    • the condition of the fuel pools appears to remain more serious (19/3/11 2.30 PM GMT)[28]
    • US NRC Chairman Greg Jazcko told a Congressional committee this afternoon that the Unit 4 fuel pool has no water and is releasing massive amounts of radiation (16/3/11 8.30 PM GMT)[28]; commission representatives in Tokyo and TEPCO confirmed that the pool at No. 4 was empty (18/3/11)[57][52]; NRC people were on the site saying that the fuel pool is without water and that the released radiation is lethal in a short period of time (17/3/11 9 PM GMT)[28]
    • flames appeared; it is impossible to go near the fire since the radiation is so high (15/3/11 8.45 PM GMT)[28]
    • fire in the irradiated fuel pool and hydrogen explosion; two big holes in the outer wall; serious damage of the building (15/3/11 12.15 PM GMT)[28][49]
  • Fukushima 1 unit 5: Japanese authorities announced to have stabilized the reactor, after the cooling systems were brought into operation again (20/3/11)[55]
    • TEPCO has cut holes in the roofs of the containment building in an effort to remove building pressure and prevent explosions such as those that severely damaged Units 1, 3 and 4. This means some radiation is certainly being released through these holes (19/3/11 2.30 PM GMT)[28]
    • offcials said they had experienced a slight rise in temperature, while the operator says the emergency power supplies have been restored (18/3/11)[57][52]
  • Fukushima 1 unit 6: Japanese authorities announced to have stabilized the reactor, after the cooling systems were brought into operation again (20/3/11)[55]
    • TEPCO has cut holes in the roofs of the containment building in an effort to remove building pressure and prevent explosions such as those that severely damaged Units 1, 3 and 4. This means some radiation is certainly being released through these holes (19/3/11 2.30 PM GMT)[28]
    • offcials said they had experienced a slight rise in temperature, while the operator says the emergency power supplies have been restored (18/3/11)[57][52]





































Connected additional accidents in other atomic facilities

Several other nuclear Japanese facilities are faced to serious safety issues as a result of the tsunami and earthquakes: the reprocessing unit Rokkasho (difficulties with cooling systems), the NPP Fukushima 2 Daini (fire, failing cooling systems - atomic power emergency declared), the NPP Tokai (two of three emergency power generators failed) and the NPP Onagawa (fire, leakage - atomic power emergency declared)[18][14].

Health impacts of the catastrophe

Tiny amounts of breathed in plutonium isotops are capable of causing lung cancer[2]. Plutonium is a substancial alpha emitter, some of its isotopes also radiate beta rays, while the gamma radiation is on an insignificant level[58]. Unfortunately, neither the usual Geiger counter[40] nor the official radiation measuring systems are able to detect plutonium. Thus, the published data of radiation detection doesn't reflect the actual radioactivity threat[58]. The isotope plutonium-239 is generated in considerable amounts in nuclear power plants[58].

Harmed workers at Fukushima

One worker died as a direct result of the explosion of Fukushima 1 unit 1, three others were injured and sent to hospital. A contractor had been found unconscious and two workers of a "cooperative firm" had been injured.[59] At the same time at unit 3 one worker received a high radiation dose, and the whereabout of two workers remained unknown[59], while as a result of the explosion on March 14 six soldiers from the Japanese Central Nuclear Biological Chemical Weapon Defence Unit died[60]. "Fukushima Prefecture revealed that there are an additional 19 individuals who have received radiation doses. This brings the total to 22 people. According the METI’s NISA, there is a possibility that 160 individuals living in the vicinity of the nuclear power plants have received radiation doses", Mainichi reported on Sunday March 13[61]. While Japanese authorities[54] as well as an IAEA spokesman and recently also some BBC correspondents were downplaying the risks of the radiation released, the legal exposure limit for the workers was raised on Wednesday from 100 to 250 millisieverts in Japan[10]. The atomic industry as well as Japanese government are reproached to hold back information about the radiation doses and risks in connection to the disaster[2].

Two workers had to be sent to hospital on March 24 after receiving a dose of 170 to 180 mSv of radiation after stepping into contaminated water (2-6 Sv[60][49]) at unit 3 radioactive 10,000 times the normal level[30][29][62] - up to 24 times the workers’ entire yearly exposure limits, even on the raisen emergency levels prescribed in reaction to the disaster[60]. "If this water was absorbed by their bodies in any way, those two workers will almost certainly die", the reporters of the first interview with the "Fukushima Fifty" set out[60]. Another one was affected, but not sent to hospital[29][62]. The workers sustained skin burns caused by beta rays[30].

The so-called "Fukushima Fifty" are the 50 people sent to the reactor to save as much as possible to reduce the deadly impact of the atomic catastrophe. It must be called a sacrifice of these people, as they are exposed to high radiation levels close to the blown up reactors. "We will die", the mother of one of them quoted her son in an interview with Fox News. They would have accepted to die soon due to radiation sickness or later owing to cancer, he said.[63]

Reports indicate that a number of Japanese people who lived between 200 and 350 kilometers away from the plant have been hospitalized for exposure to radioactive materials, PressTV wrote March 25[45]. By March 26 the news agency Kyodo reported 17 workers suffering radiation exposure since the beginning of the atomic catastrophe taking into account only accidents with levels over 100 mSv (former limit for radiation exposure of workers in the nuclear industry in Japan)[49].

TEPCO boss Masataka Shimizu has been admitted to hospital, the Fukushima operator told to the press on March 30. He is suffering high blood pressure and feeling of dizziness, the company informed.[47][33] He had not shown up to public for about two weeks[34], causing rumors he could have commited suicide or escaped abroad[33].

Radiation detection outside the NPP in Japan

98 people tested in the Fukushima prefecture by March 24 were above limits (87,813 people screened in total)[64]. Hundreds of evacuees from areas close to the blown up Fukushima NPP are sent back by medical institutions and emergency shelters fearing their potential radioactive contamination, as reported on March 30[65]. Without certificates proofing them to be not contaminated refugees are rejected by hospitals and temporary shelters[65][49].

By Thursday March 17, the available data about radiation from Fukushima I show releases of already "about a tenth of what was released from the Chernobyl-4 reactor in Ukraine in 1986", experts of the French IRSN (Institute of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety) informed.[66] The Austrian Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG), which is advising the International Atomic Energy Agency, reported on March 23 that releases of radioactive Cesium (hazardous life: 300-600 years) from Fukushima now are 20-60% those of Chernobyl; releases of iodine-131 are at 20% Chernobyl releases[28][67]. According to Agence France-Presse France’s Nuclear Safety Authority says that local contamination in the area is a problem that will remain for "decades and decades"[28]. The radiation measuring station in Takasaki/Japan shows figures of radioactive substances from Fukushima to continue going up and down, a senior of the CBTBTO said on March 25. It could not be said that the radiation would be on the decrease, they continued[68]. The released radioactivity comes out of the reactors rather than from spent fuel ponds, IAEA officials said, noting the composition of the radioactive isotopes[50]. By March 29 radioactive leaks have been detected at four of the plant's six reactors[30].

On March 30 NISA informed to have detected radiation about 2 million Bq/m² in the soil nearby the village of Iitate about 40 km northwest of Fukushima I, twice the IAEA limit to prompt an evacuation of residents.[54][5] Greenpeace, who are taking independent readings on-site since a couple of days, detected up to 10 μSv/h in Iitate and up to 100 μSv nearby Tsushima, as they published March 30[47]. After a couple of days staying in these regions, residents would have received the maximum legal annual limits[47]. The IAEA confirmed March 26 radioactive fallout in 17 Japanese prefectures, with seven of them showing daily fallout readings of iodine-131 up to 500 Bq/m² and of cesium-137 up to 100 Bq/m²[32]. According to the IAEA the highest readings were found in the Yamagata prefecture with 7,500 Bq/m² of iodine-131 and 1,200 Bq/m² of cesium-137, while in the area of 30-40 kilometers around the Fukushima NPP contamination hot spots of 30,000 to 3,100,000 Bq were detected[32].

"Weak concentrations of radioactive iodine-131 and caesium-137 do not justify announcements that there are no health risks. If there are radioactive particles in the atmosphere, then they can be ingested by someone," who may cause cancer, Vladimir Slivyak, co-chair of Ecodefence said[32]. The Japanese nuclear industry author Hiroshe Takashi agreed with Slivyak’s assessment in an interview earlier, saying that comparing radiation released at Fukushima Daiichi to CT scans and x-rays was useless[32]. The radiation of about 1 Sv/h measured March 27 by TEPCO at unit 2 could possibly lead to dead, Spiegel online reported. EPA, the US environment protection authority, assessed this dose to produce serious bleedings. The highly radioactive water probably comes almost certainly from the reactor core, Secretary Yukio Edano said.[49] March 30 the ground water beneath the NPP was announced to be at 430 Bq/cm³ - 10,000 times above legal limits[63]. One day later, March 31 iodine-131 4,385 times the legal level was detected in a sample taken near the Fukushima NPP[69].

On March 24 Japanese officials said that infants - even outside the evacuation zone - could have received a dose of 10 rems to their thyroids from iodine-131 over the past two weeks. This would apply to infants who had stayed outdoors every day. The radiation levels remained far above normal. The Nuclear Information and Resource Service (NIRS) pointed out that all of the levels of the surrounding communities are far above background and above levels allowable for long-term human habitation. NIRS stressed the fact that all of the monitoring locations are outside the current evacuation zone, in most cases many miles outside.[28] One of the radiation monitoring websites from Japan is commenting the status "under suryey" of the collapsed reactors to be a synonym for being "under censorship". Readings of March 21 published by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) showed up to 111 Mikrosieverts per hour30 kilometers from the site - thus, the maximum allowable dose to public would be reached in about 9 hours[28].

Contaminated food and water supplies

On Saturday March 19 the Japanese government confirmed high radiation in spinach and milk near the nuclear power plant[70]. The spinach was growing some 60 kilometers from the site[28]. Vegetables from the Fukushima region and the also radioactively affected Ibaraki area south of Fukushima had nevertheless been sold in Tokyo, the New York Times reported[70]. A couple of days later, on March 23, Japan's Prime Minister urged consumers not to eat certain types of food from the region surrounding the nuclear facilities and also expanded a shipment ban[51]. Also significantly contaminated rape had been detected on March 20 from regions not affected by increased radiation yet[55]. Radioactively polluted beans from Japan have been found in Taiwan, too[55].

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has banned import of milk and vegetables from four Japanese prefectures to the United States[28][71]. Australia[56], Canada, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Singapore[56] and Russia have also banned from entering some Japanese food products, while Korea is considering doing the same[72].

A couple of days after the explosions at Fukushima I Daiichi the European Union has raisen the legal limits for radiation in food imported from Japan[33]. The new limits for food imports from Japan coming into force in the EU after the Fukushima disaster with the 1987 adopted Chernobyl emergency decree EURATOM No. 3954/87 are an "unacceptable high strain to EU citizens", independent radiation expert Thomas Dersee and publisher to the magazine Strahlentelex[73] says. The latest allowable contamination levels in the European Union are several times the Japanese limits leading to the absurd situation that radioactive products being not permissible for consumption in Japan could be imported to the EU. Cesium limits for milk are 200 Bq in Japan and 1,000 Bq in the EU, for meat they are 500 Bq in Japan and 1,250 Bq in Europe, while iodine in milk is limited to 300 Bq in Japan and to 500 Bq in the EU. Plutonium is restricted to 1 Bq in milk and to 10 Bq in meat in Japan, in contrast to the European Union's limitations allowing plutionium up to 20 Bq in milk and up to 80 Bq in meat.[74]

Contaminated tap water was detected in the Fukushima prefecture on March 20 causing to warn the population not to drink it as the radiation levels could be too high[55]. Increased radiation values had been found already beforehand in Tokyo and other regions[55]. Radioactive iodine-131 was found in Tokyo’s[51] and in five surrounding cities' water supply at twice the allowable level for infants[72][64], the government told on March 22 advising not to let infants drink tap water or use it in formula[28][75]. Tap water levels exceeding 300 becquerels were found in the Fukushima prefecture[51]. The government was distributing bottled water to 80,000 households with infants younger than 12 months[75]. Meanwhile, radioactive iodine is suspected in the tap water of 12 prefectures, Japan's education, science and technology ministry informed, not including Fukushima and Miyagi, where measurements aren't being taken, CNN reported March 26[64]. The range of levels of radioactive iodine on March 25 in water treatment facilities serving the cities of Tokaimura and Hitachi was from 31 to 97 bequerels per kilogram of water[64]. The official treshold for tap water is 100 becquerel for infants up to one year and 300 becquerel for adults[64], though tresholds don't show harmlessness as they reflect the politic's willingness to burden the public with a threat in relation to the economical costs. Additionally, the risk model used by most states on earth has been falsified, the European Committee on Radiation Risk (ECRR) states pointing to a new risk model they developed on the basis of latest scientifical findings[76][77].

Radiation levels in the ocean

High radiation levels have been detected in the Pacific Ocean waters near to Fukushima. Iodine-131 at 50 Bq/cm³[32] - 1,250.8 times the legal limit - 330 meters offshore near unit 1 were announced by NISA on March 26[78][64], while cesium-134 was detected at 7 Bq/cm³ (117 times normal) and cesium-137 at 7.2 Bq/cm³ (79.6 times normal)[32]. "This is a relatively high level", a NISA spokesman said in a press conference[78]. These high levels indicate a direct leakage into the ocean, while it seems to be unlikely caused by atmospheric emissions or rain, an operator spokesman said[64]. TEPCO had announced March 22 that the seawater reading was 126 times above the legal level, while on Thursday it was 145 times the legal level[78]. The detected radiation levels continue rising: March 29 NISA confirmed iodine-131 3,350 times the permitted levels in the seawater[65], one day later, it was 3,355 times higher radiation than normal[47][3], and on March 31 NISA published the levels of radioactive iodine-131 found in seawater near Fokushima 1 being 4,385 times the maximum tolerable amount[63], while also other radioactive materials were detected, such as cesium-134 at 783.7 times the maximum amount permitted, and cesium-137 at 527.4 times the legal limit[54].

30 kilometers offshore radioactive iodine and cesium was detected, the IAEA reported online on Saturday[64].

Fallout radiation detection and impacts worldwide

Particles of fallout from the Fukushima accidents were detected in western California on March 18 and in Iceland[30] on March 20 and are expected in France and elsewhere in Europe, experts said on March 23[51][68]. The readings of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) showed iodine-131 and xenon-133 proved also in Russia[33], Canada, USA and also in Sweden[79][80]. Another simulation shows that radioactive iodine-131 from Fukushima already (25/3/11) reached wide areas of Europe in very diluted amounts and will increase during the next couple of days[81]. Since March 24 radioactive iodine-131 has been detected in Germany, too, but on small levels, the German Ministry of Ecology informed[82][83]. Deutscher Wetterdienst stations in Potsdam, Offenbach and Braunschweig found the fallout particles on a level of a millionth part of the normal background radiation[83]. In Freiburg iodine-131 and xenon-133 had been detected March 25 - due to the measurement procedure taking one day it is likely that the particles reached the place already one day earlier[84]. The radioactive plume had been transported by winds via North America to Europe[83]. By March 25 nearly all CTBTO stations in the northern hemisphere detected radioactive iodine-131 from Fukushima[85]. From March 25 to March 26 the level of detected iodine-131 in Freiburg (D) increased by one order of magnitude[86]. March 28 South Korea informed Xenon-133 from Fukushima had been detected[48] as well as radioactive iodine and cesium were found in 14 of 244 tested products being imported March 19-29[33]. Thailand detected increased readings of iodine-131 in imported sweet potatoes[33]. By March 30 in most Chinese provinces radiation from Fukushima had been found[69], while an airplane coming from Japan had been found with increased radiation levels 22 times to normal already a couple of days after the beginning of the disaster[56].

Dr. Chris Busby at the European Committee on Radiation Risk (ECRR) told the public that the ECRR radiation risk model predicts 120,000 cancers worldwide based on the current known releases from Fukushima[28]. Ground radiation levels at the Fukushima site are currently over 2,000 Microsievert per hour, and there are likely hot spots of far higher levels, NIRS assumes[28].

International reactions to fallout contamination

In connection to the Fukushima disaster, since March 16, the German Deutscher Wetterdienst ordered their stations not to publish data about radioactivity measurements autonomously. This stated Prof. Sebastian Pflugbeil, independent expert to the Gesellschaft für Strahlenschutz, to the news broadcasting N24[87]. The Gesellschaft für Strahlenschutz warned on March 23 about under-estimating the impacts and health risks of the radiation measured and published in Japan and spoke about levels comparable with the levels of radiation after the Chernobyl disaster 1986[88]. This assessment is shared by the Austrian meteorological institute studying the data coming in from the monitoring stations of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO)[89].

Sailors have been supplied with iodine tablets by the city of Hamburg (D), the authorities announced on March 20[55]. In both harbour cities, Hamburg and Bremen (D), the authorities get prepared for emergency situations checking arriving ships from Japan for increased radiation readings[33].

Despite to former publications of the German Ministry of Environment the so-called "iodine blocker" potassium iodide tablets (German brand name "Kalium-Jodid") are not available for customers in Germany right now[90]. An inquiry to a public pharmacy resulted in the information that this product meant to be used in an emergency situation hasn't been available in Germany since a long time[91]. An internet search confirmed the impossibility of getting the iodine blocker in Germany as all search results say that the product "is not available at the moment". It seems to be difficult to order it at online pharmacies internationally, too[92]. An exception seems to be Goldpharma who is still offering the product. This means that independent precaution against radioactive iodine incorporation is impossible in Germany, and people would be totally depending on the authorities' decisions if and when they would assess an accident to be serious and to start to distribute the supplied iodine tablets. The only possibility for people to get the iodine blocker right now is to let a local pharmacy order it from the Austrian producer directly[93]. In the United States the iodine blockers had been sold since the very beginning of the catastrophe[94], while in Russia the price of potassium iodide has raised during five days from $9 to $35[32]. The “Chicago” pharmacy chain told that it had sold out of all iodine containing medications[32]. On eBay. tablets of iodine are currently auctioned off for $15 per tablet, with entire packages of the medication going for $2500[32]. Currently the German radiation protection authority strongly recommends to everyone outside Japan not to take potassium iodide tablets, because the side effects prevail the positive effect of this medicine on too low levels of radioactive iodine as currently appearing[95]. People in Japan are recommended to follow the instructions of the Japanese authorities or the German embassy[95].

Rescue activities

About the reasons for sacrifying as many lifes at the Fukushima NPP by exposing workers, police, military people as well as firefighters to the high radiation levels around the blasted reactors, Dr. Michio Kaku, theoretical physicist, explains: "If it goes to a full-scale evacuation of all personnel, it means that firefighters are no longer putting water onto the cores. That's the only thing preventing a full-scale meltdown at three reactor sites. Once they evacuate, then we past the point of no return. Meltdowns are inevitable at three reactor sites, leading to a tragedy far beyond that of Chernobyl, creating permanent dead zones in Japan."[4]

As of March 21 military tanks are supposed to support the rescue activities at Fukushima, the Ministry of Defense told to Japanese media. The thick metal armor is thought to protect the soldiers against the dangerous radiation, NHK reported on March 20. They are supposed to clear up the site to create space for the emergency work.[55]

Emergency devices were announced to be sent to Japan on March 21 by German atomic facilities including special filters, masks and measuring instruments. TEPCO had asked for this support; more special equipment has been promised to be sent. The city of Hamburg also announced to provide water containers, cans, blankets and mobile toilets to Japan[55].

Meanwhile the operator of the crashed NPPs TEPCO and the Japanese authorities are considering a Chernobyl-like sarcophagus solution as a last means for the damaged reactors[52]. Inventing again and again new ideas to struggle with the nuclear disaster, the those responsible are clutching at straws - for instance, they considered covering three reactors with tarp to stop radiation releases to the air[33]. TEPCOs plan to spray synthetic resign using a remote-controlled vehicle[33] on the plant premises to prevent the further spread of radiation[5] had to be canceled on March 31 due to bad weather conditions[54]. Besides that, officials at the stricken plant were reported to also plan to cover three badly damaged outer reactor buildings with special fabric caps and fit air filters[5].

ABC News reported on March 31 plans to anchor an empty tanker off unit 2 for pumping huge volumes of radioactive water inside[5].

Prime minister Kan was reproached to have disturbed TEPCOs rescue activities as the operator couldn't let off pressure from unit 1 due to him flying there on March 12[96]. After his departured the reactor exploded[96].

About two weeks after the tsunami and the explosions of several nuclear reactors, Japan now asked for support of US-American, French and Russian experts[2]. A Marine unit specialized in emergency nuclear response has been ordered by the US military to deploy in Japan assisting local authorities[69].

Due to the high level radioactive contamination, rescue activities to search for victims of the earthqakes and tsunami won't take place in an area of 30 kilometers around the wrecken NPP, reported Kyodo about two weeks after the disaster, although some 1,000 bodies are suspected there[34][63].

Causes of the disaster

What happened in detail in Fukushima is yet unclear as the authorities and the operator publish hardly any concrete information, and probably by now no one knows exactly how the reactors look inside to examine the happenings before the explosions occured. However, there are hypotheses about the causes of the accident. The major interpretation reads as following: When the 9.0-magnitudes earthquake occured on March 11 5.46 AM GMT[17], the units 1-3 of Fukushima I Daiichi were shut-down automatically[17] while the reactors 4-6 were already offline due to regular maintenance. This earthquake was the most powerful known one ever to have hit Japan, and one of the five most powerful earthquakes in the world overall since modern record-keeping began in 1900[17]. More than 600 aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 or greater occurred since the initial quake[17]. The earthquakes also disconnected the NPPs from the grid making emergency generating necessary to supply the colling systems[97]. The earthquakes also caused the huge tsunami reaching up to 10 meters[17] (other sources: 14 meters[2], 15 meters[32]). The tsunami surmounted the protection seawalls that were thought to stop normal tsunamis and hit the emergency power generators of the units[17]. Although the Tsunami is regarded to have been high, it has not been the highest Tsunami hitting Japan in history - 22 Tsunamis have been recorded since 684 AD, including 11 events with waves heights in the range of 13-55 m[17]. The emergency power generators still worked for a certain time before they failed. When the cooling systems stopped working hydrogen was generated under the conditions of hot steam and high pressure. Due to the nitrogen concentration in the reactor core it could not ignite inside the containment. To reduce the pressure and to prevent an explosion the operator opened the containment to release some steam (and simultaneous to release radiation to the environment). Shortly afterwards unit 1 exploded due to the hydrogen catching fire in the nitrogen poor reactor building. This happened in other units later, too.

Even after shutting down a reactor a high amount of so-called decay-heat is produced by the radioactive inventory[98][99]. The decay products of the nuclear fission keep on decaying producing heat: Immediately after the shut down depending on the time of usage of the fuel in the reactor the decay heat is 5-10 % of the original thermal output of the reactor. For instance, a current reactor has an electric output of 1,300 MW and some 4,000 MW thermal output - thus, the decay heat at the moment after the shut down is still 200-400 MW. This amount first decreases fast and later slower - after 10 seconds it is 149 MW, after 1 minute it is 102 MW, after 1 hour it is 40 MW, after 1 day it is 18 MW. After 3 months it is still 2 MW. This heat needs to be lead away to prevent a meltdown of the fuel. As the heat and pressure would not be high enough for the operation of the steam turbine, the fuel needs to artificially be cooled. Because of the small volume in the reactor core and the produced heat a meltdown would cover the entire fuel inventory. Locally reduced meltdowns only appear in connection to material defects, but not as a result of a loss of coolant. Even months after shutting down the reactor the produced decay heat is high enough to cause a meltdown if the cooling systems don't work.[25]

Three weeks after the tsunami, on April 1, unit 1 will still produce 5.2 MW decay heat, while units 2 and 3 will produce 8.8 MW each due to their higher capacities, students of Nuclear Science and Engineering[100] at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)published on their Fukushima blog[99]. This heat needs to be cooled down to avoid a more severe accident: "If the decay heat is not removed then the reactor fuel begins to heat up and undesirable consequences begin as the temperature rises such as rapid oxidation of the zircaloy cladding (~1200C), melting of the cladding (~1850C), and then the fuel (~2400-2860C)"[99]. The reactors and cooling ponds will take years to cool, says Hiroto Sakashita, a nuclear reactor thermal hydraulics professor at the Hokkaido University[5].

On March 20, Nuclear Power Daily uncovered TEPCO to have lied about their safety procedures: "We can't say that the lapses listed in the (February 28) report did not have an influence on the chain of events leading to this crisis", a nuclear safety agency official said. TEPCO had admitted a couple of days before the catastrophe that they had faked reparing records. For several years wrong statements about inspections and results had been made by TEPCO including parts of cooling systems like water pump motors and diesel generators.[101]

Another message about the design based failure of the emergency cooling systems in Fukushima arose by film maker Adam Curtis producing the documentary "A Is For Atom". He pointed out that his interviews from the 1960's already showed a design failure of the cooling systems of General Electrics Boiling Water Reactors of the Fukushima type. A couple of years later in 1971 the Atomic Energy Commision tested them in reality and realized that while the systems basically worked properly the level of water in the core did not rise. "We discovered that our theoretical calculations didn't have a strong correlation with reality. But we just couldn't admit to the public that all these safety systems we told you about might not do any good", one of the AEC scientists says in the film. In the same year the first of the Fukushima reactors came online.[102] Units 1, 2 and 6 of Fukushima I Daiichi had been supplied by General Electrics[103].

Reactions in other countries

IPPNW, the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, on March 22 demanded the World Health Organization (WHO) to inform the Japanese public about the true impacts of the Fukushima disaster. A treaty between WHO and IAEA from 1959 forces the World Health Organization to assign their competences on health impacts of radiation to them. But the objective of the IAEA actually is the promotion of nuclear power. There is a conflict of interests between the protection of people against nuclear power and fostering this technology. "The WHO should declare themselves in favor of the evacuation of the women, infants and pregnant women of the affected regions as they are particularly radiation sensitive", IPPNW physician Dr. Angelika Claußen explained.[104][105]

In the USA the sites of supposed new NPPs will be examined, Minister of Energy Steven Chu told Fox News on March 20[55]. Additionally also some running reactors should be reviewed regarding the continuation of operation[55]. US president Obama had ordered the examination of the US-American NPPs[106] on March 17, while he refused to question the technology in general[55]. In a speech of March 30, Obama announced to continue plans of construction of new nuclear power plants in the United States[106]. Also the United Arab Emirates announced to review their plans for the construction of a first nuclear power plant in their country[55].

Many countries including 14 European states as well as Japan[5] announced safety reviews and checkups of their NPPs, and in some countries the nuclear safety authorities announced reviews also of their national safety standards.[107]

In Switzerland[108], the U.K., Czech Republic, Poland, Finland and Netherlands the developements of new reactors may be delayed due to the catastrophe in Fukushima, while South Africa reaffirmed nuclear power as a part of its energy mix. China temporarily suspended the approval of new plants ordering a safety review, although they - as well as India - emphasized to continue their new NPP construction programmes.[107]

While experts yet discuss the impacts of the nuclear catastrophe, the German atomic lobbying organization "Deutsches Atomforum" insisted a similar accident could not happen at German nuclear power plants as their safety systems would be prepared to deal with those situations (the same the Japanese nuclear industry said about their reactors by now)[109]. Nuclear companies keep on preaching their atomic plants would be "absolutely safe"[110], for instance RWE boss Großmann insisted on March 25 a necessity of nuclear power for our electricity supply[111]. They get support by pro-nuclear politicians like German ex-Chancellor Kohl who stated to the yellow press paper Bild there wouldn't be any reason for shutting down NPPs in Germany as they wouldn't be more dangerous now after Fukushima than they were before[82]. CEO Schnappauf at the German industry lobby organization BDI had to be sacrified on March 25 resigning his position when the minutes of a talk of the BDI with Minister of Economy Brüderle reached public[82][112]. The paper proofed Brüderle stating the temporary shut-down of NPPs would have been just tactics to not to lose the next weeks elections[82].

Japan’s Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA) said on March 12 that the explosion at the Fukushima Daiichi No. 1 nuclear plant could only have been caused by a meltdown of the reactor core[113]. Under public pressure and on view of several elections during the next weeks the German government decided the temporary shut-down of seven German NPPs for some 3 months[114].

Criticism arose about German companies having been involved to the financing of the blasted reastors: up to 60 Million Euros had been invested by German banks to Fukushima[115]. Meanwhile, the German government is considering an export surety of 1.3 billion Euros to German companies involved to the construction of the Brazilian Angra 3 NPP[116]. Siemens, Germans biggest atomic company and as a stakeholder of Areva also designer and constructor of the Olkiluoto NPP in Finland, is considering to skip their nuclear business as a consequence of the Fukushima disaster, ContrAtom reported[117].

As a result of the massive protests in Germany the German government had to announce a moratorium of three months of interruption[118] of operation for the seven oldest and most dangerous nuclear reactors: Neckarwestheim-1, Philippsburg-1, Isar-1, Biblis-A, Unterweser, Biblis-B, Krümmel and Brunsbüttel have been shut-down now[119]. Also some federal states[120] are considering to force the atomic industry to shut down some of their reactors - for instance the Neckarwestheim-1 NPP will be closed permantly[118]. Biblis NPP's operator RWE considers not to restart operation of the old unit "A" in view of the announced safety checks after the moratorium as well as regarding the modernization measures already required before the Fukushima disaster occured[121]. At the same time the atomic company filed a suit against the moratorium forcing RWE to keep Biblis offline until June[122]. Basically all German NPP will be subject of safety checks during the next months, the government decided[123]. In contrast to this decision Chancellor had stated in direct reaction to the catastrophe in Japan that the German reactors would be safe and that there wouldn't be any reason for concerns. Also the European Union in a meeting of the leaders of its countries in Brussels has passed a decision to require "stress tests" for all European reactors; the results would be the basis for decommissioning or upgrading of the concerned plants[82].

Meanwhile the German Minister of Ecology, who is also in charge of nuclear safety in Germany, announced to develop new regulations for a fast extension of renewable energy supplies in Germany[124].

Since March 12, 2011 vigiles[125], rallies, blockades[126] of nuclear facilities and other actions[127][128][129] are happening around the world to demand an immediate global shut-down of all atomic facilities. In Germany two days after the first explosions about 110,000 people protested on March 14 in more than 450 vigiles[130][131], on March 21 about 140,000 demonstrated in some 750 vigiles[132][133] and for April 4 another action day of vigiles has been announced in Germany[134]. On Saturday March 19 some 10,000 protested in Hannover against atomic power[135] and 2,000 people demonstrated their opposition to nuclear power in Hamburg[136]. Sunday March 20 at the Biblis NPP 2,000 people demanded the nuclear phase-out[55]. Mass demonstrations with all together 250,000 people took place on March 26 in Berlin (120,000), Cologne (40,000), Hamburg (50,000) and Munich (40,000)[137]. A blockade of nuclear power plants has been announced by X-tausend mal quer for June - when the moratorium of the seven oldest reactors in Germany (they have been tuned off for three months after Fukushima) will end. People are already publicly announcing their participation in theses sit-in blockades or their solidarity with the action. Demonstrations are announced in Essen[138] and Gedeletitz (close to the proposed Gorleben final repository)[139] on April 2 and 13 decentral demonstrations at German atomic plants on April 25[140] in memorial of the Chernobyl disaster 25 years ago.

In Switzerland a letter bomb hurt two employees of the atomic companies' lobbying organization Swissnuclear in the city of Olten, when they opened the letter on March 31[141][142]. Police warned pro-nuclear politicians to be specially carefully[143].

The Italian artist Dario Gambarin on March 30 created a huge radiation symbol in a grain field by Verona (I) to warn about the danger of nuclear power animated by the Fukushima disaster[144].

In Tokyo some 1,000 people demonstrated against nuclear power on March 27[49], while additional smaller anti-nuclear activities take place in Japan, too[69]. For April 10, Japanese activists have called out for a mass demonstration in Koenji, Tokyo, and globally[145].

Links for more information

The Nuclear information and resource service provides an updated factsheet about the catastrophe of Fukushima I Daiichi.



Footnotes

  1. 1.0 1.1 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fukushima_I_Nuclear_Power_Plant&oldid=418460202 as at March 12, 2011
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/0,1518,753938,00.html as at April 1, 2011
  3. 3.0 3.1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFRXHEeUUPQ as at March 31, 2011
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 http://naturalnews.tv/v.asp?v=604AB3FA803FF3647DF6E34EC5E8C8A0 as at March 31, 2011
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/03/31/3178263.htm as at March 31, 2011
  6. http://www.greenaction-japan.org/modules/wordpress1/index.php?p=2 as at March 12, 2011
  7. http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2011/03/77606.html as at March 14, 2011
  8. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMCa-Zo_ZEU&sns=fb as at March 14, 2011
  9. http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/tsunamiupdate01.html as at March 14, 2011
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12307698 as at March 12, 2011
  11. 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2011/03/78063.html as at March 15, 2011
  12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 http://www.n-tv.de/mediathek/videos/panorama/Regierung-bestaetigt-Kernschmelze-article2955351.html as at March 29, 2011
  13. http://www.n-tv.de/mediathek/videos/panorama/Regierung-bestaetigt-Kernschmelze-article2957576.html as at March 29, 2011
  14. 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 http://www.contratom.de/2.0/index.php?mod=blog&artikel=1808 as at March 12, 2011
  15. http://www.greenpeace.de/fileadmin/gpd/user_upload/themen/atomkraft/HH_INES_Rating_Fukushima_23_03_2011.pdf as at March 25, 2011
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 http://www.contratom.de/2011/03/25/atomunfall-in-japan-hat-hochste-ines-stufe-7-erreicht/ as at March 25, 2011
  17. 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami&oldid=420466410 as at March 24, 2011
  18. 18.0 18.1 http://www.greenpeace.de/themen/atomkraft/nachrichten/artikel/erdbeben_in_japan_regierung_ruft_atomaren_notstand_aus/ as at March 12, 2011
  19. 19.0 19.1 http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/fukushima126.html as at March 12, 2011
  20. http://www.tagesschau.de/multimedia/video/ondemand100_id-video874640.html as at April 5, 2011
  21. http://www.tagesschau.de/multimedia/video/ondemand100_id-video874626.html as at April 5, 2011
  22. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/function/0,,83389_cid_14917321,00.html?maca=de-aa-news-855-rdf as at March 16, 2011
  23. http://www.n-tv.de/mediathek/videos/panorama/Regierung-bestaetigt-Kernschmelze-article2957576.html as at March 29, 2011
  24. http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kernschmelze&oldid=87029695 as at March 29, 2011
  25. 25.0 25.1 http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nachzerfallsw%C3%A4rme&oldid=87026071 as at March 29, 2011
  26. http://www.n-tv.de/mediathek/videos/panorama/Ist-der-Super-GAU-laengst-da-article2947616.html as at March 29, 2011
  27. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12720219 as at March 12, 2011
  28. 28.00 28.01 28.02 28.03 28.04 28.05 28.06 28.07 28.08 28.09 28.10 28.11 28.12 28.13 28.14 28.15 28.16 28.17 28.18 28.19 28.20 28.21 28.22 28.23 28.24 28.25 28.26 28.27 28.28 28.29 http://www.nirs.org/reactorwatch/accidents/Fukushimafactsheet.pdf as at March 13, 2011
  29. 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 http://www.latimes.com/news/la-fgw-japan-nuclear-plant-20110326,0,7076764.story as at March 25, 2011
  30. 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-03/25/c_13798306.htm as at March 29, 2011
  31. http://www.ustream.tv/channel/nhk-world-tv as at March 25, 2011
  32. 32.00 32.01 32.02 32.03 32.04 32.05 32.06 32.07 32.08 32.09 32.10 32.11 32.12 32.13 32.14 http://www.bellona.org/articles/articles_2011/radiation_crisis_widespread as at April 5
  33. 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 33.6 33.7 33.8 33.9 http://www.welt.de/print/die_welt/vermischtes/article13022602/Wo-steckt-Masataka-Shimizu.html?fb_ref=artikelende&fb_source=home_oneline as at April 5, 2011
  34. 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/0,1518,754404,00.html as at April 5, 2011
  35. https://www.facebook.com/notes/anti-nuclear/disaster-fukushima-the-first-independent-measurements-of-radioactivity-are-alarm/10150122538293442 as at March 14, 2011
  36. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/daywatch/sns-ap-as-japan-earthquake,0,6520725.story as at March 25, 2011
  37. 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 37.6 37.7 http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/technik/0,1518,753770,00.html as at March 29, 2011
  38. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/12/us-japan-quake-nuclear-cooling-idUSTRE72B3GI20110312 as at March 12, 2011
  39. http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOX-Brennelement&oldid=87101523 as at April 1, 2011
  40. 40.0 40.1 http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9423000/9423929.stm as at March 28, 2011
  41. http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2011/03/77319.html as at March 13, 2011
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